European forests have been heavily impacted by climate change, with thousands of hectares of trees dying due to drought and bark beetles. A recent study by scientists from the University of Vienna and the Technical University of Munich TUM focused on identifying tree species that are suitable for reforestation in the future. They found that only a few tree species, such as English oak in the UK, are fit for the challenging conditions ahead. However, the researchers emphasized the importance of mixed forests for the survival of forests as a whole, as they make the ecosystem more resilient.
The study revealed that European forests have a lower number of tree species compared to similar regions in North America or East Asia. The researchers predict that between a third and a half of the tree species currently found in Europe will not be able to adapt to future conditions. This decline is significant, especially considering that not all tree species are of interest to the forestry industry. The researchers focused on 69 common European tree species and found that on average, only nine of these species are suitable for the future, with even fewer in the UK.
Tree species that are planted for reforestation need to be able to survive under both current and future climate conditions. This poses a challenge as they need to withstand both the cold and frost of the present as well as much warmer conditions in the future. The researchers emphasize that there is only a small overlap between the conditions the trees need to survive. The selection of climate-fit tree species varies greatly across different regions of Europe, highlighting the need for region-specific reforestation strategies.
While selecting climate-fit tree species is a critical step in ensuring the survival of forests, the researchers also stress the importance of maintaining species-rich mixed forests. These forests are more resilient to disturbances such as bark beetles, but the average of nine selected species may not be enough to support a diverse ecosystem. Only three of the nine climate-fit tree species can fulfill crucial functions such as carbon storage, providing habitat or food for animals, or timber production. The researchers call for urgent action to mitigate climate change and protect forests for the future.
The study underscores the severe impact of climate change on the vitality of forests and the need for rapid measures to address these challenges. The researchers highlight the importance of preserving forests’ ecological functions and emphasize that a new mix of tree species alone may not be sufficient to safeguard forests against climate change. The study’s findings provide valuable insights into the future of European forests and underscore the urgent need for proactive measures to protect these vital ecosystems.
